As part of its IT strategy, the city launched Zurich Optimised Output Management (Zoom) to standardize the location and specifications of multifunctional devices to maximize efficiency. After roll-out, it then switched from buying (or renting) machines to procuring an optimized output management service from an external provider. As part of this procurement, procedure devices were no longer the focus, rather, the services (printing, copying, scanning, etc). The city now only pays per printed page and no longer invests in hardware.